tnolte.bib

@inproceedings{ASHJAEI_WCTT_2012,
  author = {Ashjaei, M. and Liu, M. and Behnam, M. and Mifdaoui, A. and Almeida, L. and Nolte, T.},
  title = {Worst-Case Delay Analysis of Master-Slave Switched Ethernet Networks},
  booktitle = {2nd International Workshop on Worst-Case Traversal Time (WCTT'2012) Proceedings},
  year = {2012},
  editor = {},
  volume = {},
  series = {},
  pages = {},
  address = {San Juan, Puerto Rico},
  month = {December},
  organization = {},
  publisher = {},
  doi = {},
  issn = {},
  isbn = {},
  keywords = {Ethernet, FTT, FTT-SE, Real-Time communications},
  note = {},
  key = {},
  abstract = {Switched Ethernet is increasingly used in real-time communication due to its intrinsic features such as micro segmentation and high throughput. However, COTS switches may impose long blocking times due to their FIFO queues and can also experience buffer overflow in outgoing queues due to uncontrolled packets arrival. Reconciling the use of ordinary switches with the needs of real-time communication requires an adequate overlay protocol. In this paper we focus on using a Master-Slave technique to overcome the COTS switch limitations in real-time applications, namely the FTT-SE protocol. We extend the protocol for large scale networks and we present the worst-case delay analysis using the Network Calculus formalism for such a network. Moreover, we assess the end-to-end delay of traffic with simulation}
}

@inproceedings{MIFDAOUI_RTN_2012,
  author = {Mifdaoui, A. and Behnam, M. and Nolte, T. and Pedreiras, P. and Almeida, L. and Marau, R.},
  title = {Exploring alternatives to use master/slave full duplex switched Ethernet for avionics embedded applications},
  booktitle = {11th International Workshop on Real-Time Networks (RTN'2012) Proceedings},
  year = {2012},
  editor = {},
  volume = {},
  series = {},
  pages = {},
  address = {Pisa, Italy},
  month = {July},
  organization = {},
  publisher = {},
  doi = {},
  issn = {},
  isbn = {},
  keywords = {Real-Time communications, FTT, Ethernet, Avionics},
  note = {},
  key = {},
  abstract = {The complexity of distributed real-time systems, including military embedded applications, is increasing due to an increasing number of nodes, their functionality and higher amounts of exchanged data. This higher complexity imposes major development challenges when nonfunctional properties must be enforced. On the other hand, the current military communication networks are a generation old and are no longer effective in facing such increasingly complex requirements. A new communication network, based on Full Duplex Switched Ethernet and Master/slave approach, has been proposed previously. However, this initial approach is not efficient in terms of network bandwidth utilization. In this paper we propose two new alternative approaches that can use the network bandwidth more efficiently. In addition we provide a preliminary qualitative assessment of the three approaches concerning different factors such as performance, scalability, complexity and flexibility}
}

@inproceedings{IQBAL_SIES_2012,
  author = {Iqbal, Z. and Almeida, L. and Marau, R. and Behnam, M. and Nolte, T.},
  title = {Implementing hierarchical scheduling on COTS Ethernet switches using a master/slave approach},
  booktitle = {7th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES'2012) Proceedings},
  year = {2012},
  editor = {},
  volume = {},
  series = {},
  pages = {76--84},
  address = {Karlsruhe, Germany},
  month = {June},
  organization = {},
  publisher = {},
  doi = {10.1109/SIES.2012.6356572},
  issn = {},
  isbn = {978-1-4673-2683-4},
  keywords = {Real-Time communications, FTT, Ethernet, FTT-SE},
  note = {},
  key = {},
  abstract = {Hierarchical scheduling is instrumental to efficiently deploy component-based designs and achieve composability. It allows partitioning resources into multiple levels, hiding the complexity within each partition behind its respective interface. In this paper we focus on the network resource, particularly on Ethernet using ordinary COTS switches, and we show how hierarchical scheduling can be efficiently deployed using a master/slave approach that enforces the temporal properties of the partitions. We use the FTT-SE protocol for being open source and a bandwidth efficient master/slave alternative currently available for real-time communication over Ethernet. We present a response-time analysis for the traffic submitted within each partition and we validate it using experimental results obtained from a prototype implementation. In particular, the results highlight the strong partitioning capabilities of our approach, with full temporal isolation across partitions in different branches of the hierarchy}
}

@inproceedings{ASHJAEI_WFCSWIP_2012,
  author = {Ashjaei, M. and Behnam, M. and Nolte, T. and Almeida, L.},
  title = {Extending FTT-SE protocol for Multi-Master/Multi-Slave Networks},
  booktitle = {9th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS'2012) WiP Session Proceedings},
  year = {2012},
  editor = {},
  volume = {},
  series = {},
  pages = {},
  address = {Lemgo, Germany},
  month = {May},
  organization = {},
  publisher = {},
  doi = {},
  issn = {},
  isbn = {},
  keywords = {Real-Time communications, FTT, Ethernet, FTT-SE},
  note = {},
  key = {},
  abstract = {}
}

@inproceedings{SANTOS_RTSSATWORK_2011,
  author = {Santos, R. and Pedreiras, P. and Behnam, M. and Nolte, T. and Almeida, L.},
  title = {Demonstrating an Ethernet switch enhanced with hierarchical scheduling},
  booktitle = {32nd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS'2011) Open Demo Session of Real-Time Techniques and Technologies},
  year = {2011},
  editor = {},
  volume = {},
  series = {},
  pages = {},
  address = {Vienna, Austria},
  month = {November},
  organization = {},
  publisher = {},
  doi = {},
  issn = {},
  isbn = {},
  keywords = {Embedded systems, NES, Ethernet, Switch, FTT, Real-Time communications, Servers, Scheduling, Quality of Service},
  note = {},
  key = {},
  abstract = {The complexity of Networked Embedded Systems (NES) has been growing steeply, due to increases both in size and functionality, and is becoming a major development concern. This situation is pushing for paradigm changes in NES design methodologies towards higher composability and flexibility. Component-oriented design technologies, in particular supported by server-based scheduling, seem to be good candidates to provide the needed properties. As response, we developed a multi-level hierarchical server-based architecture for Ethernet switches that provides composability and supports online adaptation and reconfiguration [1] [2]. This framework exhibits the following features: 1) A hierarchical architecture that supports server composition, virtual real-time channels providing temporal isolation (composability in the time domain); 2) Analytical tools for guaranteed real-time behavior; 3) Simple interface to adapt and reconfigure servers during runtime}
}

@inproceedings{SANTOS_EMSOFT_2011,
  author = {Santos, R. and Behnam, M. and Nolte, T. and Pedreiras, P. and Almeida, L.},
  title = {Multi-level hierarchical scheduling in Ethernet switches},
  booktitle = {11th International Conference on Embedded Software (EMSOFT'2011) Proceedings},
  year = {2011},
  editor = {},
  volume = {},
  series = {},
  pages = {185--194},
  address = {Taipei, Taiwan},
  month = {October},
  organization = {},
  publisher = {},
  doi = {},
  issn = {},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-0714-7},
  keywords = {Embedded Systems, NES, Ethernet, Switch, Analytical models, Bandwidth, Protocols, Real time systems, Servers, Time factors},
  note = {},
  key = {},
  abstract = {The complexity of Networked Embedded Systems (NES) has been growing steeply, due to increases both in size and functionality, and is becoming a major development concern. This situation is pushing for paradigm changes in NES design methodologies towards higher composability and flexibility. Component-oriented design technologies, in particular supported by server-based scheduling, seem to be good candidates to provide the needed properties. As a response we developed a multi-level hierarchical server-based architecture for Ethernet switches that provides composability and supports online adaptation and reconfiguration. This paper extends our work, presenting the associated response-time based schedulability analysis, necessary for the admission control procedure. Additionally, we have derived the temporal complexity of the analysis, which is shown to be O(n2), where n is the number of higher priority components associated with a given server. Finally, we present a proof-of-concept implementation and a set of experimental results that validates the analysis}
}

@inproceedings{SANTOS_APRES_2011,
  author = {Santos, R. and Pedreiras, P. and Behnam, M. and Nolte, T. and Almeida, L.},
  title = {Demonstrating an Ethernet Switch Enhanced with Hierarchical Scheduling},
  booktitle = {3rd Workshop on Adaptive and Reconfigurable Embedded Systems (APRES'2011) Proceedings},
  year = {2011},
  editor = {},
  volume = {},
  series = {},
  pages = {},
  address = {Chicago, USA},
  month = {April},
  organization = {},
  publisher = {},
  doi = {},
  issn = {},
  isbn = {},
  keywords = {Embedded systems, NES, Ethernet, Switch, FTT, Real-Time communications, Servers, Scheduling, Quality of Service},
  note = {},
  key = {},
  abstract = {The complexity of Networked Embedded Systems (NES) has been growing steeply, due to increases both in size and functionality, and is becoming a major development concern. This situation is pushing for paradigm changes in NES design methodologies towards higher composability and flexibility. Component-oriented design technologies, in particular supported by server-based scheduling, seem to be good candidates to provide the needed properties. As response, we developed a multi-level hierarchical server-based architecture for Ethernet switches that provides composability and supports online adaptation and reconfiguration [1] [2]. This framework exhibits the following features: 1) A hierarchical architecture that supports server composition, virtual real-time channels providing temporal isolation (composability in the time domain); 2) Analytical tools for guaranteed real-time behavior; 3) Simple interface to adapt and reconfigure servers during runtime}
}

@article{SANTOS_SIGBED_2011,
  author = {Santos, R. and Pedreiras, P. and Behnam, M. and Nolte, T. and Almeida, L.},
  title = {Hierarchical server-based traffic scheduling in ethernet switches},
  journal = {ACM SIGBED Review},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {68--69},
  month = {March},
  doi = {},
  issn = {},
  isbn = {},
  keywords = {Ethernet, Real-Time communications, Switch, Servers, Quality of Service},
  note = {},
  key = {},
  abstract = {Distributed Embedded Real-Time Systems (DERTS) are ever more complex, consisting of an increasing number of nodes with more functionality and handling more data. This scenario is pushing for paradigm changes in the methodologies to design complex DERTS. Namely, component-oriented design methodologies, exhibiting the composability property are considered an effective means to tackle the growing complexity of DERTS. Server-oriented architectures have proven to be an effective means to enable controlled resource sharing, providing composability among application components as well as between the application software and the hardware platform on which they execute}
}

@inproceedings{PROCEEDINGS-LABEL,
  author = {Santos, R. and Behnam, M. and Nolte, T. and Almeida, L. and Pedreiras, P.},
  title = {Schedulability Analysis for Multi-level Hierarchical Server Composition in Ethernet Switches},
  booktitle = {9th International Workshop on Real-Time Networks (RTN'2010) Proceedings},
  year = {2010},
  editor = {},
  volume = {},
  series = {},
  pages = {},
  address = {Brussels, Belgium},
  month = {July},
  organization = {},
  publisher = {},
  doi = {},
  issn = {},
  isbn = {},
  keywords = {Ethernet, FTT, FTT-SE, Switch},
  note = {},
  key = {},
  abstract = {The FTT-enabled (Flexible Time-Triggered) Ethernet Switch provides flow-based dynamic scheduling that allows to handle bursty traffic in a bandwidth efficient way. For that, this switch uses adaptive resource-reservation, associating servers to flows or groups of flows. This way, flows have a guaranteed, but bounded, access to the communication resources. These servers can take up a compositional multi-level hierarchy and they can be adapted on-line to make a better use of the available bandwidth. To assure a continued real-time behavior, the FTT-enabled Ethernet Switch integrates an admission control mechanism, which screens all adaptation and/or reconfiguration requests. Whenever such requests may compromise the flow timeliness or exceed the available memory, they are rejected. This paper focuses on the flow timeliness verification, only, providing a response-time based schedulability analysis that permits assessing the schedulability of a hierarchical composition of servers and flows}
}

@inproceedings{SANTOS_WFCS_2010,
  author = {Santos, R. and Vieira, A. and Pedreiras, P. and Oliveira, A. and Almeida, L. and Marau, R. and Nolte, T.},
  title = {Flexible, efficient and robust real-time communication with server-based Ethernet Switching},
  booktitle = {8th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS'2010) Proceedings},
  year = {2010},
  editor = {},
  volume = {},
  series = {},
  pages = {131--140},
  address = {Nancy, France},
  month = {May},
  organization = {},
  publisher = {},
  doi = {10.1109/WFCS.2010.5548632},
  issn = {},
  isbn = {978-1-4244-5462-4},
  keywords = {Ethernet, FTT, FTT-SE, Real-Time communications, Switch, Embedded system, Ethernet networks, Protocols, Real time systems, Robustness, Throughput},
  note = {},
  key = {},
  abstract = {The information exchanged in Networked Embedded Systems is steadily increasing in quantity, size, complexity and heterogeneity, with growing requirements for arbitrary arrival patterns and guaranteed QoS. One of the networking protocols that is becoming more common in such systems is Ethernet and its real-time Ethernet variants. However, they hardly support all the referred requirements in an efficient manner since they either favour determinism or throughput, but not both. A potential solution recently proposed by the authors is the Server-SE protocol that uses servers to confine traffic associated to specific applications or subsystems. Such an approach is dynamically reconfigurable and adaptive, being more bandwidth efficient while providing composability in the time domain. This paper proposes integrating the servers inside the Ethernet switch, boosting both the flexibility and the robustness of Server-SE, allowing, for example, the seamless connection of any Ethernet node. The switch is an FTT-enabled Ethernet Switch and the paper discusses two specific ways of integrating the servers, namely in software or in hardware. These options are described and compared analytically and experimentally. The former favours flexibility in the servers design and management while the latter provides lower latency}
}

@inproceedings{SANTOS_WARM_2010,
  author = {Santos, R. and Vieira, A. and Marau, R. and Pedreiras, P. and Oliveira, A. and Almeida, L. and Nolte, T.},
  title = {Improving the efficiency of Ethernet switches for real-time communication},
  booktitle = {1st International Workshop on Adaptive Resource Management (WARM'2010) Proceedings},
  year = {2010},
  editor = {},
  volume = {},
  series = {},
  pages = {},
  address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
  month = {April},
  organization = {},
  publisher = {},
  doi = {},
  issn = {},
  isbn = {},
  keywords = {Ethernet, Switch, Real-Time Communications},
  note = {},
  key = {},
  abstract = {}
}

@inproceedings{SANTOS_ETFA_2010,
  author = {Santos, R. and Pedreiras, P. and Yekeh, F. and Nolte, T. and Almeida, L.},
  title = {On hierarchical server-based communication with switched Ethernet},
  booktitle = {15th IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA'2010) Proceedings},
  year = {2010},
  editor = {},
  volume = {},
  series = {},
  pages = {1--4},
  address = {},
  month = {},
  organization = {},
  publisher = {},
  doi = {10.1109/ETFA.2010.5641073},
  issn = {1946-0740},
  isbn = {978-1-4244-6848-5},
  keywords = {Ethernet, FTT, FTT-SE, Switch, server-based communication, industrial automation, multiple switches, real-time communications, resource reservation protocol },
  note = {},
  key = {},
  abstract = {Ethernet is becoming a common network technology for industrial and factory automation systems and, in recent years, a big effort has been made in enabling real-time communications using Ethernet technology. Many of these systems are complex, extend over relatively large places and/or integrate a significant number of nodes, thus requiring the use of multiple switches (hop). In this paper we look into the usage of Flexible Time-Triggered (FTT) enabled Ethernet switches in this class of systems, more specifically using the recently proposed server-based scheduling mechanism supported by this protocol. The paper proposes and validates a resource reservation protocol, presents a method for computing the end-to-end deadlines and discusses possible strategies for the deadline partitioning}
}

@inproceedings{SANTOS_CRTS_2009,
  author = {Santos, R. and Vieira, A. and Marau, R. and Pedreiras, P. and Oliveira, A. and Almeida, L. and Nolte, T.},
  title = {Implementing Server-Based Communication within Ethernet Switches},
  booktitle = {2nd Workshop on Compositional Theory and Technology for Real-Time Embedded Systems (CRTS'2009) Proceedings},
  year = {2009},
  editor = {},
  volume = {},
  series = {},
  pages = {},
  address = {Washington, USA},
  month = {December},
  organization = {},
  publisher = {},
  doi = {},
  issn = {},
  isbn = {},
  keywords = {Real-Time communications, FTT, FTT-SE, Ethernet, Switch},
  note = {},
  key = {},
  abstract = {Server-based architectures have generated recently a considerable interest. They provide an effective means to support composability, i.e., the integration of diverse components while guaranteeing the required service-levels to each one. While common in CPU scheduling, the support for server-oriented architectures in the domain of real-time communication protocols is more limited due to distribution and specific medium access control and queues management policies within network controllers, network devices and protocol stacks. Consequently, server-based traffic scheduling is either not supported or supported in a limited and inefficient way, e.g., only basic servers, no hierarchical composition, static configuration. To overcome such limitations, the authors proposed recently the Server-SE protocol, which supports unconstrained server-based traffic scheduling over switched Ethernet, using the FTT-SE protocol and common off-the-shelf (COTS) switches as platform. This paper extends such work by bringing the servers inside a customized Ethernet switch. This option provides a high level of determinism, robustness and flexibility, being particularly suited to open systems as servers can easily be added, composed, adapted and removed at run-time. The proposal is validated with a prototype implementation and experimental results that show its effectiveness in enforcing correct resource reservations}
}

@inproceedings{MARAU_CRTS_2008,
  author = {Marau, R. and Figueiredo, N. and Santos, R. and Pedreiras, P. and Almeida, L. and Nolte, T.},
  title = {Server-based real-time communications on Switched Ethernet},
  booktitle = {1st Workshop on Compositional Theory and Technology for Real-Time Embedded Systems (CRTS'2008) Proceedings},
  year = {2008},
  editor = {},
  volume = {},
  series = {},
  pages = {37--44},
  address = {Barcelon, Spain},
  month = {November},
  organization = {},
  publisher = {},
  doi = {},
  issn = {},
  isbn = {},
  keywords = {Ethernet, Real-Time communications, FTT, FTT-SE, protocols},
  note = {},
  key = {},
  abstract = {Real-Time Ethernet (RTE) protocols have difficulties in the efficient handling of aperiodic message streams with arbitrary arrival patterns, while at the same time supporting the derivation of timeliness guarantees. This paper presents a server-based mechanism for switched Ethernet real-time networks, integrating concepts from the Server-CAN protocol on the  FTT-SE protocol. This approach enables an efficient implementation of arbitrary server schedulers as well as their hierarchical composition. Moreover, the presented approach is very suitable for open systems as servers can easily be added, changed and removed during runtime. The paper includes a case study based on a distributed control application. The obtained results illustrate the correct operation of the server-based protocol, showing the capability of the framework in providing strict timeliness guarantees to the real-time traffic in spite of interference with arbitrary arrival patterns and load variations}
}

@inproceedings{MARAU_ECRTS_2008,
  author = {Marau, R. and Almeida, L. and Pedreiras, P. and Nolte, T.},
  title = {Towards Server-based Switched Ethernet for Real-Time Communications},
  booktitle = {20th Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS'2008) WiP Session Proceedings},
  year = {2008},
  editor = {},
  volume = {},
  series = {},
  pages = {60--63},
  address = {Prague, Czech Republic},
  month = {July},
  organization = {},
  publisher = {},
  doi = {},
  issn = {},
  isbn = {},
  keywords = {Ethernet, FTT, FTT-SE, Real-Time communications, Server-CAN, protocols},
  note = {},
  key = {},
  abstract = {This paper presents work-in-progress on server-based Switched Ethernet (SE) for real-time communications. It joins the recent FTT-SE protocol with concepts from the Server-CAN protocol to allow handling aperiodic message streams with arbitrary arrival patterns while supporting the derivation of timeliness guarantees. The presented approach enables an efficient implementation of arbitrary server schedulers in the switch, and a number of server schedulers are to be investigated with respect to SE performance. Moreover, the presented approach is very suitable for open systems as servers can easily be added, changed and removed during runtime of the switch. Currently, several server-based policies are being implemented, which will allow carrying out comparisons among different policies as well as verifying the capability of the protocol for on-line integrated management of the servers}
}